Black boys raised in America, even in the wealthiest families and living in some of the most well-to-do neighborhoods, still earn less in adulthood than white boys with similar backgrounds, according to a sweeping new study that traced the lives of millions of children

White boys who grow up rich are likely to remain that way. Black boys raised at the top, however, are more likely to become poor than to stay wealthy in their own adult households. Even when children grow up next to each other with parents who earn similar incomes, black boys fare worse than white boys in 99% of America. Black men raised in the top 1% — by millionaires — were as likely to be incarcerated as white men raised in households earning about $36,000. A black man raised by two parents together - making around $140,000 a year - earns about the same in adulthood as a white man raised by a single mother making $60,000 alone.